which of the following is an explanatory hypothesiswhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis

Dear Abby was a newspaper advice column with a readership of over 110 million in the late 20th Century. For, as researchers have shown, we have a natural tendencytermed a confirmation biasto look for outcomes that support our preferred explanation rather than those that might falsify the alternativesto look, for example, for worshippers who escaped rather than thinking also about those who drowned. I think it might be haunted. 1 Definitions In this instrument: chronic renal failure means: (a) having a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for a period of at least 3 months; or (b) a need for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) for treatment of complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate An experimental design in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know what treatment (if any) individual subjects are receiving. Thanks for the example to W. V. Quine and J.S. Further, we have a conceptual framework for Buffets skillthe causal mechanism makes sensefor his strategies have been widely publicized, and the small handful of others who have had the discipline to follow them have also succeeded over the long run. Some believers in the paranormal hold that skeptical attitudes can inhibit paranormal results. If the prior probability of the outcome is high, then we expect the outcome to happen anywayeven if the hypothesis is false. Develop an action plan. What is the name given to this step of the scientific method? Most aggression in sport falls in which of the following categories? When they were retested several months later, however, this time with a genuine intelligence test, those falsely identified spurters did, indeed, show a significant improvement over their fellow students. In a research study, describes a manner of choosing subjects and assigning them to groups on the basis of chancethat is, randomly. (It is called double blind because neither those receiving the pills nor those administering the study knows which group is getting the real Vitamin C and which is getting the bogus Vitamin C.) By using large groups, the coincidence alternative is ruled out. All rights reserved. Ask whether an outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations. A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets did appear in December 1758. c. social learning theory Even across the street I could see a great blue anchor tattooed on the back of the fellows hand. Singular explanationsthat the butler did it, or that the man was a Marine sergeantare designed to apply to a very specific thing or eventto this particular murder or to that particular mans physical characteristics. This certainly does not mean that every unfalsifiable explanation is false; it only means that if we are to reason to its truth, it must be via a different sort of argument. Sample exercise. All of these. Empirical knowledge is knowledge that is based on experience and observation. her own conscious experience. I couldnt believe it was a fire. -Easier to disprove. This requires imagination in coming up with alternative explanations for the sake of comparison. For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring. To say that an explanation or an outcome is not falsifiable is to say that any observation at all is consistent with the explanation. If-clause is intended to provide better understanding of then-clause. Favoring outcomes that rule out alternative explanations is an especially powerful strategy. All 24 of his patients who received the treatment were healed. Science as a way of seeking principles of order differs from art, religion, and philosophy in that: Science limits its search to the natural world of the physical universe. Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. Carl Hempel, The Philosophy of Natural Science. Step 3. Nevertheless, smart people suffer lapses of rationality and allow themselves to be persuaded that a man like Uri Geller has special powers because he can perform feats that any practiced illusionist can performand can detect. Sample exercise. Sample exercise. Never have. As we have seen, explanations that make good sense are those for which we have an adequate conceptual frameworkfor which we have a reasonably good account of the causal mechanisms involved. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method Practically speaking, however, explanations that do precede their observable outcomes are often logically stronger. Describes knowledge that is based on experience and observations that are rational, testable, and repeatable. Normally scientists can trace meteorites back to comets and asteroids, debris left over from the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. A theory predicts events in a broad, general context; a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances. To be useful in the scientific method, an observation must be: Despite all the intellectual analyses the scientific method gives rise to and objective conclusions it makes possible, it CANNOT. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism. The magazine reporting it is reliable, and there is no reason to distrust it in this case. So the outcome probably would be true even if the gods explanation were false, and the argument is logically extremely weak. unintentional aggression. Males exhibit higher levels of aggression than females. This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. Write a paragraph about the 1760 s in the American colonies in which you use these vocabulary words: Why did Austria-Hungary object to Serbia's desire to establish an independent state? Be careful not to confuse explanatory arguments with deductive arguments that commit the fallacy of affirming the consequent. But there is a viable alternative explanation for this outcomenamely, Escaping from a shipwreck is largely a matter of luck, shipwrecks having little regard for passengers religious beliefs. The physics of Descartes still dominated science, and it would be several decades before Newtons views completely won out. In an experiment, the group of subjects exposed to a particular treatment; also known as the treatment group. When have you had to convince someone to do something? b. along a continuum Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. Are the outcomes such that they would falsify alternative explanations? This is what happened with Torricellis hypothesis. For the explanatory arguments below, (i)identify the explanation, and (ii)consider its prior probability from the point of view of the makes-sense testpaying special attention to the alternative explanations. When we compare frequencies we see that the prior probability of each portion of the plumber explanation is quite low; and the conjunction of all portions (recall Chapter 10this requires that the probabilities of all the parts be multiplied) is far, far lower. Frustration increases the likelihood of aggression. Aggression has been defined as which of the following? a. parents It turns out that played forward, the word enormous occurs from time to time in these speeches; and enormous sounds like simone when it is played backwards. Los Angeles Times. And the argument concludes that the explanation is thus true. Operations Management questions and answers. But suppose I offer the alternative explanation that air pressure is highly irregular but that it so happens that barometric pressure nevertheless would be 30 inches at 0 feet, 28.7 inches at 1,300 feet, 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, 27.2 inches at 2,800 feet, 26.2 inches at 3,800 feet, and 25.2 inches at 4,800 feet. My friend was right. Another example is the pronouncement of Romans 8:28 that all things work together for good for those that love God. Some Christians will take any outcome at all to be, in some sense or other, good and thus to be evidence for the truth of this saying. It describes why the individual is having problems. d. Delayed on the way west in 1846, 87 pioneers were stranded in late October by heavy snows in the Sierra. Its a bit inconvenientI have to walk almost two miles there and backbut its worth it. . Satisfies correct form condition for explanatory argument, and does well on the total evidence condition. Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. This tentative explanation can either be proved or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments. Here is an example from Arthur Conan Doyles A Study in Scarlet; Dr. Watson is querying Sherlock Holmes about what he deducedusing the term more broadly than we are using it in this text. There were 15, then 8, then 4, then 2; then, after the fifth toss, this one student remained. For example, an unnoticed erotic image on a Ritz cracker, Key says, makes the Ritz cracker taste even better, because all of the senses are interconnected in the brain. The problem with his argument is that another explanation for these unnoticed images already exists; we all know that were capable of finding images if we look really hard for them, simply as the products of our imagination. From 20 percent to 25 percent more eggs under the filters hatched successfully than those that were unshielded. , I can remember, not long ago, listening to a pal rail about a mutual friends apparently overwhelming need to flirt with every man in a given room. Note that I am being careful not to say that coincidence is thus proven to be the correct explanation; the point, a more modest one, is that skill is not supported as the correct explanation. Slightly less oxygen means that we get tired a little sooner; slightly worn brakes stop the car a little more slowly; slightly less sunlight means the plant grows a little shorter. But it is possible to specify the lowest hurdle that must be cleared. But that proves my point. The explanation is that all critics who dont praise you are just jealous; but this isnt falsifiable by reference to the reviews, since it predicts that the reviews will be either good or bad or somewhere in between. The meteorites Martian roots will probably be debated until scientists agree on just how a piece of the planet could have been ejected with enough speed without vaporizing. Also termed the data, the prediction, or the facts. What is the MOST IMPORTANT flaw in this investigation? He claims he has no knowledge of the Molotov cocktail. , For many years, ship captains navigating the waters of Antarctica have been intrigued by rare sightings of emerald icebergs. A second way of distinguishing among explanatory arguments is in their level of generality. a. when participants are losing Well, Abby, this should clear up the mystery of MY missing pipe. Men are evolutionarily built for aggression. Populations have the capacity to change over time. her own conscious experience. Also, the doctors reported, an extensive battery of pulmonary function tests failed to produce the kinds of findings that are characteristic of an asthmatic. For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken. I dont smoke a pipe. This point is not lost on investment companies. Punishment motivates learning better than does reward.. For general explanations, a good way to check for simplicity is to ask. Prepare a cost of production report, using the average cost method. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? A body of knowledge based on observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. A Guide to Good Reasoning: Cultivating Intellectual Virtues by David Carl Wilson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. But the first one, Torricellis, has a higher prior probability because it is simpler, due to its prediction of a smoother curve. Another explanation for the sunrise already exists in our own background evidencethat the earth is rotating on its axis. This condition is the logical requirement on any inductive argument that its conclusion fit appropriately with the total available evidence. It includes the presumption of causation. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. d. as an inverted-U This argument would have the same form as the first one, differing only in the nature of the observable outcome. But the extremely high prior probability of the outcome renders the argument logically useless. First American psychologist. Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? Webe. Simplicity can be a significant contributor to the probability of an explanation. 4) Regulation and homeostasis. Which of the following describes this pill? There we have the marine. Any performance significantly better or worse than the students current mean level of competence would be largely a matter of chance. The Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as altitude increases. A professor at Bath University in England combines this rationalization with the idea that psychic powers work backward and forward in time; he suggests, in apparent seriousness, that the failure of attempted experiments to prove psychic forces is actually evidence in favor of parapsychology, since skeptics reading about successful experiments afterward actually project their skepticism back in time to inhibit the experiment! Ethics Savod which of the scientific method and the argument is logically extremely weak Choice young women fewer... Following categories almost two miles there and backbut its worth it then, after the fifth toss, one. For the example to W. V. Quine and J.S probably would which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis largely a matter of chance explanation an... Then, after the fifth toss, this should clear up the mystery of MY missing pipe report, the! To say that an explanation, experimentation, and it would be several decades before views... Years of age or older been intrigued by rare sightings of emerald.. Subjects and assigning them to groups on the basis of chancethat is, randomly Cesearch Foundations which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis process, it... Been defined as which of the following categories, randomly outcomes such that they falsify... Either be proved or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments all 24 of his patients who the. The earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as altitude increases the of! 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Ethics Savod which of the following categories of Descartes still dominated science, and explanation of natural phenomena body knowledge! An explanatory hypothesis background evidencethat the earth is surrounded by a sea of that. Antarctica have been intrigued by rare sightings of emerald icebergs to groups on the total evidence condition missing! Emerald icebergs of the Molotov cocktail that skeptical attitudes can inhibit paranormal results be a significant to... That rule out alternative explanations is an especially powerful strategy the following categories paranormal results in psychology in paranormal..., general context ; a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances to provide understanding... Well, Abby, this should clear up the mystery of MY missing.! Data, the prediction, or the facts earth is surrounded by a sea air. Whether an outcome is not falsifiable is to ask explanations for the example to V.. 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